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                  <text>Accommodations in Medical Training: from the ADA onward</text>
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                <text>When Reasonable Accommodations are Unreasonable</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Discourses regarding accommodations for work and education ubiquitously pair “accommodations” with the modifier “reasonable,” echoing language in the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) and its Amendment Act (2008). Indeed, an entire subsection is titled “reasonable accommodations and modifications" (Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,as Amended with ADA Amendments Act of 2008, n.d.). Disability rights organizations, government websites on the ADA, and guidance for school administrative and disability officials all employ the discourse of “reasonable accommodation(s).” This, of course, implicitly leaves room for &lt;em&gt;un&lt;/em&gt;reasonable accommodations—and gives rise to many court cases and internal institutional disputes about what constitutes a reasonable and necessary accommodation. Legal interpretation and precedent, expert medical opinion, institutional culture, and the nature of barriers themselves all shaped—and shape—the configuration and outcomes of disputes over accommodation requests and denials since the passage of the ADA (and indeed before).&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The role of institutional culture is visible in the recent history of accommodations—namely, the high rate of refusals and resistance—in medical schools, institutions, and by the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) organization, the national organization that administers the “Step” exams required for all those on the MD and DO tracks (Bagenstos, 2016; Jain, n.d.; L. M. Meeks et al., 2020; L. M. Meeks &amp;amp; Jain, 2018; L. Meeks &amp;amp; Neal-Boylan, 2020; Petersen et al., 2022). The dominant culture of medicine has valorized stoic independence and consistently stigmatized disability and the need for aids of any kind (including breaks, sleep, food, and other necessities) for so long that the depth and reach of this ideology of ableist superhuman individualism can be taken for reality and be &amp;nbsp;invisible to many (B. Good, 1994; M.-J. D. Good, 1999; Martin-Lockhart, 2022; Stergiopoulos et al., 2018). Even following the ADA (1990), ADA-AA (2008), and the increasing presence of disability services, disability groups, and disability cultural centers on university campuses and in medical schools, medical students and residents frequently complain of a traditionalist attitude towards the hardships of medical education (Martin-Lockhart, 2022). This attitude holds that because prior generations of physicians were shaped by particular procedures and difficulties the next generation must experience the same. Thus, some attending physicians or medical institutions broadly will question the necessity of accommodations or worry that they lesson the rigor of a program instead of recognizing that accommodations help to equalize participation and evaluations of performance. Moreover, the ADA’s legal requirements are still relatively unknown to physicians, including educators &amp;nbsp;(Martin-Lockhart, 2022; L. Meeks &amp;amp; Jain, 2018; L. M. Meeks et al., 2020; L. Meeks &amp;amp; Neal-Boylan, 2020). Because of this many necessary and minimal accommodations are questioned or rejected as unreasonable—simply due to the ableism baked into dominant medical culture, norms, and bodies of knowledge.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The culture of rugged independence is glimpsed in the inflexibility of many schools’ technical standards, which bar accommodations and keep many otherwise qualified candidates from entering medicine (L. Meeks &amp;amp; Jain, 2016; L. M. Meeks et al., 2020). The ableism of medical culture is visible too in the continuing emphasis on exams and individual evaluations that are required for MD and DO trainees to progress and are important to match ranking and hiring decisions (Martin-Lockhart, 2022). The constancy of examinations and varied training environment requires trainees to constantly re-negotiate and repeatedly prove their need for accommodations (L. Meeks &amp;amp; Jain, 2018, 2016; L. M. Meeks et al., 2020; L. Meeks &amp;amp; Neal-Boylan, 2020). Quantitative measurements and details of accommodations refusals (legal and illegal) were historically hard to come by—particularly before legal protections were put in place. In 2022 data is only beginning to emerge. However, in 2022 the first measure of Step 1 (examination) accommodations grants/denials was published (Petersen et al., 2022). This work marked a seminal moment in disability awareness—though perhaps not inclusion—in US medicine writ large. The team found that in 2018-2019, 52% of 276 students counted in survey did not receive any accommodations requested, resulting in delays, a markedly higher rate of failing scores, and even program dismissal/withdrawal (ibid).&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;More than 15 years after the passage of the ADA and a decade after it was amended, appropriate accommodations are inappropriately denied and unreasonably difficult to attain. Many reasonable accommodations requested by medical students and practitioners are rejected or characterized as unreasonable. However, even this cursory exploration of how accommodations requests have been dealt with by medical institutions since the passage of the ADA indicates an alternative framing: perhaps it is the barriers to and refusals of accommodations, not the requests for them, that are unreasonable.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990,as Amended with ADA Amendments Act of 2008, Pub. L. No. 110–325. Retrieved April 30, 2022, from https://www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Bagenstos, S. R. (2016). Technical Standards and Lawsuits Involving Accommodations for Health Professions Students. &lt;em&gt;AMA Journal of Ethics&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;18&lt;/em&gt;(10), 1010–1016. https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2016.18.10.hlaw1-1610&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Good, B. (1994). &lt;em&gt;Medicine, rationality, and experience: An anthropological perspective&lt;/em&gt;. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Good, M.-J. D. (1999). &lt;em&gt;American medicine: The quest for competence&lt;/em&gt;. University of California Press.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Jain, N. (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Clinical Accommodations: Upholding Standards While Creating Equal Access&lt;/em&gt;. AAMC. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://www.aamc.org/professional-development/affinity-groups/gsa/webinars/clinical-accommodations&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Martin-Lockhart, Z. (2022). &lt;em&gt;Disabled Doctors Dissertation Fieldwork [manuscript in preparation]&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L., &amp;amp; Jain, N. (2018). &lt;em&gt;Accessibility, Inclusion, and Action in Medical Education: Lived Experiences of Learners and Physicians With Disabilities,&lt;/em&gt;. AAMC.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L., &amp;amp; Jain, N. R. (Eds.). (2016). &lt;em&gt;The guide to assisting students with disabilities: Equal access in health science and professional education&lt;/em&gt;. Springer Publishing Company.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L. M., &amp;amp; Jain, N. R. (2018). Accommodating chronic health conditions in medical education. &lt;em&gt;Disability Compliance for Higher Education&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;23&lt;/em&gt;(10), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/dhe.30432&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L. M., Jain, N. R., &amp;amp; Laird, E. P. (2020). &lt;em&gt;Equal Access for Students with Disabilities: The Guide for Health Science and Professional Education&lt;/em&gt; (2nd edition). Springer Publishing Company, LLC.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L., &amp;amp; Neal-Boylan, L. (2020). &lt;em&gt;Disability as Diversity: A Guidebook for Inclusion in Medicine, Nursing, and the Health Professions&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Petersen, K. H., Jain, N. R., Case, B., Jain, S., &amp;amp; Meeks, L. M. (2022). Impact of USMLE Step-1 accommodation denial on US medical schools: A national survey. &lt;em&gt;PLOS ONE&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;17&lt;/em&gt;(4), e0266685. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266685&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
Stergiopoulos, E., Fernando, O., &amp;amp; Martimianakis, M. A. (2018). “Being on Both Sides”: Canadian Medical Students’ Experiences With Disability, the Hidden Curriculum, and Professional Identity Construction. &lt;em&gt;Academic Medicine&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;93&lt;/em&gt;(10), 1550–1559. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000002300</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes various aspects of Universal Design theory as well as a brief historicization of Universal Design. It also addresses practices of Universal Design in healthcare environments (as established currently).</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Universal Design in Healthcare Facilities:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Promotes medical facility policy-making that considers the needs of everyone who uses the facility: clients and their families, service providers, and distributors&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Promotes resource savings&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reduces potential risks and promotes a safe environment&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Acknowledges human diversity&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Makes service provision human-centered, ensuring safety, high quality, and respect for human dignity&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Promotes an improvement in the health of clients and personnel&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Offers solutions that can be modified and changed to meet different users’ needs and requirements.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Helps balance the needs of different people&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reduces professional burnout of medical personnel&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Optimizes efforts and facilities the work of personnel&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Improves safety and comfort of all&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Baida, L., &amp;amp; Ivanova, O. (2019).&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Universal Design in Healthcare Manual&lt;/i&gt;. (M. Konova, Trans.).&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Universal Design in Environment and Facilities:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ensure an accessible public transport stop is built according to the standard and is not far away from the facility&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Provide parking spaces, including accessible parking spots for persons with Disabilities marked with the International Symbol of Access&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Install bicycle parking racks&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Hang a signboard with name of facility&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Provide clear and understandable direction signs near the building&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Provide appropriate width and even surfaces for pedestrian paths&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Ensure tree branches and bushes are not an obstruction or potential hazard&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Provide rest benches&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Baida, L., &amp;amp; Ivanova, O. (2019).&lt;span&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Universal Design in Healthcare Manual&lt;/i&gt;. (M. Konova, Trans.).&lt;/p&gt;
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                  <text>This collection includes images and video clips from news media depictions of assistive technology in medical practice. Items were selected to highlight the arbitrary distinction between assistive technology and medical devices and demonstrate how media depictions of technology in this context reinforce stigmatizing and exclusionary attitudes, values, and beliefs embedded in the medical establishment and American culture at large.</text>
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                <text>Tim Cordes one of few sightless doctors in U.S. by Todd Finkelmeyer (&lt;em&gt;The Capital Times&lt;/em&gt;, 2010)</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Finkelmeyer, T. (2010, June 2). Tim Cordes one of few sightless doctors in U.S. &lt;em&gt;The Capital Times&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;a href="https://captimes.com/news/local/health_med_fit/tim-cordes-one-of-few-sightless-doctors-in-u-s/article_b968b027-0789-52f3-81a0-5cbcaf69c719.html"&gt;https://captimes.com/news/local/health_med_fit/tim-cordes-one-of-few-sightless-doctors-in-u-s/article_b968b027-0789-52f3-81a0-5cbcaf69c719.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>This feature on Dr. Tim Cordes, who is blind, published in 2010 by Madison, Wisconsin, newspaper &lt;em&gt;The Capital Times&lt;/em&gt;, describes how assistive technology enables Cordes to satisfy his productive role as a psychiatrist. By focusing exclusively on professional applications of technology, the article reinforces accepted cultural assumptions that equate physical and economic autonomy with social inclusion. The story briefly mentions Cordes' contribution to the development of software that uses varying musical tones to explain protein structures, but does so primarily to highlight his work ethic and tireless determination to overcome barriers related to his visual impairment. Defining this technology based on the intended purpose of assisting individuals with visual impairments creates a barrier that restricts consideration of its possible contributions to medical practice in general.</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes images and video clips from news media depictions of assistive technology in medical practice. Items were selected to highlight the arbitrary distinction between assistive technology and medical devices and demonstrate how media depictions of technology in this context reinforce stigmatizing and exclusionary attitudes, values, and beliefs embedded in the medical establishment and American culture at large.</text>
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                <text>The inspirational doctor paralyzed from the waist who can still perform surgeries thanks to remarkable stand-up wheelchair (&lt;em&gt;Daily Mail&lt;/em&gt;, 2013)</text>
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                <text>&lt;em&gt;Daily Mail&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>The inspirational doctor paralyzed from the waist who can still perform surgeries thanks to remarkable stand-up wheelchair. (2013, November 27). &lt;em&gt;Daily Mail&lt;/em&gt;. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2513994/Paralyzed-doctor-performs-surgery-thanks-stand-wheelchair.html</text>
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                <text>This 2013 &lt;em&gt;Daily Mail&lt;/em&gt; report on Dr. Ted Rummel, who is paralyzed, offers an example of the merging of person and technology in media depictions of disabled medical professionals. While acknowledging Rummel's personal determination, the article explicitly focuses on the role of wheelchair technology in enabling his return to surgery after becoming paralyzed. Rummel is depicted as inseparable from his chair in a manner that exposes how technology makes disability situational. The absence or availability of his wheelchair has the power to create or remove exclusion, marginalization, or disenfranchisement.</text>
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                  <text>Television, being present in almost every home across the globe has immense potential to impact the way ideas are shared in the public imagination and how due to positive or negative representations, it can shape how the layman thinks about individuals having certain identities and the same goes for disabled doctors. Representations of doctors with disabilities on the small screen have been sparse and unidimensional and even though progress has been made, there is still a long way to do.&amp;nbsp;</text>
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                <text>The Good and the Bad of &lt;em&gt;The Good Doctor&lt;/em&gt; - Dr. Shaun Murphy on &lt;em&gt;The Good Doctor&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;The Good Doctor, first aired in 2017 and created by David Shore who interestingly also produced House M.D. follows a surgeon Dr Shaun Murphy who has autism and savant syndrome as he juggles his duties as a doctor and his personal life. &lt;br /&gt;Though a great step forward in disability representation in the field of medicine, especially when compared to previous examples, The Good Doctor still has a long way to go. For example, when autistic adults reviewed the show, David Moloney, Autism Ontario Board Member and Mutual Fund Indexer with CIBC said “All in all, I find that it plays the autism card a little too heavily.” He found the show’s lead actor and writers tried to show autism as a “broad concept or a construct.” He thought this was too general an approach and much was lost this way. “It doesn’t really portray the positivity exuded by people on the spectrum.” (Cnudde, 2021) According to some reviewers, the show does a good job of representing all people who are marginalized (Nguyen, 2017) generalizing the context to other “outsiders” based on race, gender or sexuality, others are of the opinion that the show is too sentimental, using the age old trope of inspiration porn and The doctor who's good at medicine but bad with people is a trope making that doctor a person with autism verging on gimmickry. (Lawler, 2017)&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Cnudde, M. (2021, April 19). Autistic Adults Review The Good Doctor. From Austism Ontario: https://www.autismontario.com/news/autistic-adults-review-good-doctor&lt;br /&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Lawler, K. (2017, September 22). &lt;em&gt;Review: ‘The Good Doctor’ is a too-sentimental portrait of doctor with autism&lt;/em&gt;. From USA Today: https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2017/09/22/review-the-good-doctor-too-sentimental-portrait-doctor-with-autism/688744001/&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Nguyen, H. (2017, October 30). &lt;em&gt;‘The Good Doctor’ Is the Perfect Show for Anyone Who Feels Like an Outsider, Marginalized, or Misunderstood&lt;/em&gt;. From IndieWire: https://www.indiewire.com/2017/10/the-good-doctor-marginalized-outsiders-abc-1201892747/&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NxHms4t93Fk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt; &lt;iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0z1Bt3TR_Zk" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;</text>
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                <text>The first Disabled doctor on TV? Dr. Kerry Weaver on &lt;em&gt;ER&lt;/em&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Debuting on the medical drama “ER” in its second season in 1995, Dr Kerry Weaver was one of the first representations of disabled doctors on primetime television. Having a limp in her gait and using a forearm crutch, the character was played by a non disabled actor. Infact, an actress who does have a disability, Christopher Templeton, was denied an audition for the part. (Parsi, 2001) According to archives, the actor Laura Innes was involved in the decision to use a crutch as a prop for the role.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Chet Cooper: When you read for the role of Dr. Kerry Weaver on ER, did you know going in that you would play a person with a disability?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Innes: Yes, when I read for the part, the character was described as having a limp and using a cane. She was written with that intention. I never asked John Wells—the show’s executive producer—but I heard it through the grapevine that when he was observing hospitals, he saw a doctor who had a cane and he thought, “Oh, that’s kind of interesting.”&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Johnson: You knew Weaver had a limp, but did they tell you the back story?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Innes: No. When I asked, “Well, what’s her malady or injury?” they said, “We haven’t decided yet.” They wanted to keep it open, and not have it be something that was an issue. We discussed what kind of crutch or cane I should use, and I actually suggested the cuff crutch, because I thought with all the moving around and concerns with cleanliness, that a doctor wouldn’t always want to be grabbing onto a cane or setting it down. With a cuff crutch, it could always be on my arm, and if I was at a trauma table I could have it for support and still use my hands. So that’s how that choice was made. When I got the part and the character was described as having a limp, I didn’t really think about it in terms of the impact as a disability.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;(Innes, 2008)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Eventually, in Season 11, we learned that Weaver's limp was caused by congenital hip dysplasia, and in the following season, she had corrective surgery that allowed her to walk without use of the crutch. Ironically, the surgery was, at least in part, driven by Innes' real life health issues caused by using a cane for so many years on the series. As a result we see that disability was both used and eliminated casually.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Innes, L. (2008). Laura Innes - From Acting to Calling Action! (P. Johnson, &amp;amp; C. Cooper, Interviewers) Parsi, K. (2001, December ).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Doctors in Balck and White on the Big and Small Screens . From AMA Journal of Ethics : https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/doctors-black-and-white-big-and-small-screens/2001-12</text>
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                <text>The Emergence of Disability in Health Sciences Podcasts</text>
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                <text>A plethora of podcasts covering disability in medicine from many angles emerged since the late 2010s, corresponding with the increasing profile of disabled doctors and issues of inclusivity in medicine broadly.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The &lt;em&gt;Docs With Disabilities&lt;/em&gt; podcast was created by Lisa Meeks and collaborators after success of a 2018 hashtag campaign, also started by Meeks, with the same moniker, #DocsWithDisabilities. Docs With Disabilities, launched in July 2019, features interviews with disabled healthcare professionals and students that focus on these individuals’ experiences in medicine – successes, failures, recommendations for other people with disabilities in the health sciences (Docs With Disabilities Podcast, 2019; Panzer et al., 2020) . Meeks and colleagues describe their podcast as “asynchronous mentoring” (Panzer et al., 2020).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other podcasts that concentrate on the intersection of disability, medicine, and health sciences include:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• &lt;em&gt;Able Medics Podcast&lt;/em&gt;, hosted by Ioanna Maraki is a UK-based podcast similar to Docs with Disabilities and started at the same time in mid-2019 (Maraki, 2019).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• &lt;em&gt;Disability Visibility&lt;/em&gt;, hosted by Alice Wong launched in 2017 (Wong, 2017).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• &lt;em&gt;Included: The Disability Equity Podcast&lt;/em&gt;, hosted by Dr. Bonnielin Swenor and Dr. Nicholas Reed from Johns Hopkins University’s Disability Health Research Center started (Swenor &amp;amp; Reed, n.d.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;• &lt;em&gt;Both Sides of the Stethoscope&lt;/em&gt; is hosted by Dr. Alin and Dr. Colby Salerno and began in 2021 (Gragossian &amp;amp; Salerno, n.d.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Collectively, these podcasts—which boast a varied, extensive listener-ship—serve to form disability community in medicine and educate those in the health sciences about the value and methods of disability inclusion (Martin-Lockhart, 2022; L. Meeks, personal communication, April 7, 2022). However, while these podcasts document improving inclusion of disability content in medical curricula and of disabled doctors, they also enumerate the biases and barriers that it is still common for students and physicians with disabilities to encounter.</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;Gragossian, A., &amp;amp; Salerno, C. (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Both Sides of the Stethoscope&lt;/em&gt;. Buzzsprout. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://www.buzzsprout.com/1801906&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Maraki, I. (2019, July 17). &lt;em&gt;Able medics podcast&lt;/em&gt;. General Medical Council. https://www.gmc-uk.org/education/standards-guidance-and-curricula/guidance/welcomed-and-valued/welcomed-and-valued-resources/able-medics-podcast&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Martin-Lockhart, Z. (2022). &lt;em&gt;Disabled Doctors Dissertation Fieldwork &lt;/em&gt;[manuscript in preparation].&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Meeks, L. (2022, April 7). &lt;em&gt;Personal communication&lt;/em&gt; [Personal communication].&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Panzer, K. V., Maraki, I., Cross, T., &amp;amp; Meeks, L. M. (2020). Podcast possibilities: Asynchronous mentoring for learners with disabilities. &lt;em&gt;Medical Education&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;54&lt;/em&gt;(5), 448–449. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.14084&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Swenor, B., &amp;amp; Reed, N. (n.d.). &lt;em&gt;Included: The Disability Equity Podcast&lt;/em&gt;. The Johns Hopkins Disability Health Research Center. Retrieved May 3, 2022, from https://disabilityhealth.jhu.edu/included/&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Wong, A. (2017, September 13). &lt;em&gt;Ep 1: Activism and the Disability Community&lt;/em&gt;. Disability Visibility Project. https://disabilityvisibilityproject.com/2017/09/13/disability-visibility-podcast-ep-1-activism-and-the-disability-community/&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                  <text>This collection includes various aspects of Universal Design theory as well as a brief historicization of Universal Design. It also addresses practices of Universal Design in healthcare environments (as established currently).</text>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Benefits of Universal Design:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Creates an inclusive society which acknowledges human diversity, ensures quality and social inclusion on equal terms, and promotes respects for the abilities of every person.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Improves the quality of all people, leaving no one behind&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reduces stigma and discrimination, providing more opportunities for vulnerable groups&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Promotes independence, mobility, and social inclusion&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;Reduces the economic burden of special programs and services which aim to assist specific persons and groups&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Baida, L., &amp;amp; Ivanova, O. (2019). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;Universal Design in Healthcare Manual&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span&gt;. (M. Konova, Trans.).&lt;/span&gt;</text>
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